Bioethics Tabloids, Notes

[1]. The Age 2 July 1985.

[2]. The Age 20 July 1985.

[3]. Goldcoast Sun 2 April 1987.

[4]. AIDS May Dwarf the Plague, New York Times, January 30, 1987, p.A24.

[5]. E.g. Fumento M. The Myth of Heterosexual AIDS. Basic Books: New York, 1990. Fumento M. Do You Believe in Magic? The American Spectator 1992; February: 16-21.

[6]. Manuel C, Enel P, Charrel J, Reviron D, et al. The ethical approach to AIDS: a bibliographical review. Journal of medical ethics 1990; 16: 14-27.

[7]. Häyry H, Häyry M. AIDS NOW. Bioethics 1987; 1.4: 339-356.

[8]. Mohr RD. AIDS, Gays and State Coercion. Bioethics 1987; 1.1: 35-50.

[9]. p. 339.

[10]. Schüklenk U. HIV-related phraseology [letter]. Australian Journal of Public Health 1992; 16(3): 329-30. National Research Council. Social Impact of AIDS. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1993.

[11]. Schüklenk U. HIV-related Phraseology. Op.cit.

[12]. p. 339.

[13]. p. 342, emphasis added.

[14]. p. 342, emphasis added.

[15]. p. 340, emphasis added.

[16]. Fn. 9, p. 341.

[17]. San Francisco Department of Public Health. The New AIDS Case Definition. Implications for San Francisco. JAMA 1992; 267: 973-5.

[18]. p. 341.

[19]. p. 341.

[20]. Murphy TF. No Time for an AIDS Backlash. Hastings Center Report 1991; 21(2): 11.

[21]. US National Research Council, Social Impact of AIDS, op.cit.

[22]. Karmel, Peter. AIDS, stigma and heterosexual transmission of HIV. Australian Journal of Public Health 1992; 16(2): 142-3.

[23]. Chapman, Simon. Simon Chapman replies. Australian Journal of Public Health 1992; 16(2): 143-4.

[24]. Burke, DS, Brundage JF, Goldenbaum M, Gardner LI, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infections in teenagers. JAMA 1990; 263: 2074-2077.

[25]. Centers for Disease Control. Sexual behaviour among high school students. JAMA 1992; 267: 628.

[26]. Stewart GT. Errors in predictions of the incidence and distribution of AIDS [letter]. Lancet 1993; 341:898.

[27]. Editorial. Heterosexual AIDS: pessimism, pandemics, and plain hard facts. Lancet 1993; 341: 863-4.

[28]. Mastro TD, Satten GA, Nopkesorn T, Sangkharomya S, Longini, IM, Probability of female-to-male transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. Lancet 1994; 343: 204-7.

[29]. p.204

[30]. Personal Communication. March 15, 1994.

[31]. Berita AIDS. 1993; 1(1): 5 (data supplied by the Malaysian Ministry of Health).

[32]. San Francisco Examiner 20 October 1993: A-10.

[33]. Editorial. Heterosexual AIDS: pessimism, pandemics, and plain facts. Op.cit.

[34]. Altman LK. Obstacle-Strewn Road to Rethinking the Numbers on AIDS. New York Times 01 March 1994: C3.

[35]. CDC. Estimates of HIV Prevalence and Projected AIDS Cases: Summary of a Workshop, October 31-November 1, 1989. MMWR 1990; 39: 110.

[36]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. November 1993.

[37]. Ports S. Needed (For Women and Children). AIDS: Cultural Analysis/Cultural Activism. October 1987; 43.

[38]. Panos Institute. Triple Jeopardy: Women & AIDS. London: Panos Publications, 1990.

[39]. CDC, op.cit.

[40]. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research. Australian HIV Surveillance Report 1994; 10(1): 7, 15.

[41]. Chapman S. Dogma disputed: potential endemic heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Australia. Aust J Public Health 1992; 16: 128-41; US National Research Council. Social Impact of AIDS. Washington DC: National Academy Press 1993.

[42]. Schüklenk U, Mertz D. Christliche Kirchen und AIDS. In: Dahl E, ed. Die Lehre des Unheils. Hamburg: Carlsen, 1993: 263-279, 309-312.

[43]. Wattstein SB. Specifically Women's. The Lesbian AIDS Project at GMHC. The Body Positive - A Magazine About HIV/AIDS 1992; 5.6: 9.

[44]. Marmor M, Weiss LR, Lyden M, Weiss SH, Saxinger WC, Spira TJ, Feorino PM. Possible female-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus [letter]. Annals of Internal Medicine 1986; 105: 969. Monzon OT, Capellan JMB. Female-to-female transmission of HIV [letter]. Lancet 1987; 2: 40-41.

[45]. Chu SY, Buehler JW, Fleming PL, Berkelman RL. Epidemiology of reported cases of AIDS in lesbians, United States 1980 89. American Journal of Public Health 1990; 80: 1380 1. Chu SY, Hammett TA, Buehler JW. Update: epidemiology of reported cases of AIDS in women who report sex only with other women, United States, 1980 1991 [letter]. AIDS 1992; 6: 518 19.

[46]. Bell NK. Women and AIDS: Too Little, Too Late? In: Bequaert-Holmes H, Purdy LM, eds. Feminist Perspectives in Medical Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992: 53.

[47]. Rieder I, Ruppelt P, eds. AIDS: The Women. San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1988.

[48]. Adams ML. All That Rubber, All That Talk: Lesbians and Safer Sex. In: Rieder I, Ruppelt P, eds. AIDS: The Women. Op.cit.

[49]. Richardson, D. Women & AIDS. New York: Methuen, 1988: chpt. 4 (Lesbians and AIDS).

[50]. Denenberg R. A Decade of Denial: Lesbians and HIV. On Our Backs 1991; July/August: 38-42.

[51]. Overall C. AIDS and Women: The (Hetero)Sexual Politics of HIV Infection. In: Overall C, Zion WP, eds. Perspectives on AIDS. Ethical and Social Issues. Ontario: Oxford University Press, 1991: 27-42.

[52]. Federal Centre for AIDS. Surveillance update: AIDS in Canada. Ottawa: Federal Centre for AIDS, January 1991. (Courtesy of Gwen Bird, Pacific AIDS Resource Centre, Vancouver, B.C.)

[53]. p. 27.

[54]. World Health Organization (Global Programme on AIDS). Semi-Annual Statistics 1992; 67: 201-204. Fifty-three African nations, for example, report a combined cumulative incidence of 152,463 AIDS cases, while the US reports 218,301 all by itself. National reports to the 1992 report are typically through only early 1992, or even 1991, with a somewhat greater delay on average in the reporting of African than US figures. However, it is clear that the US has many more AIDS cases than any single African nation, and most likely more than the continent as a whole.

[55]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. November 1993.

[56]. CDC, op.cit.

[57]. Books cited supra by Rieder and Ruppelt; Richardson, Panos Institute, and also Lester B. Women and AIDS: A Practical Guide for Those Who Help Others. New York: Continuum, 1989.

[58]. CDC, op.cit.

[59]. CDC, op.cit.

[60]. Fumento, op.cit. Ch. 7.

[61]. CDC, op.cit.

[62]. CDC, op.cit.

[63]. Kinsey AC, Pomeroy WB, Martin CE. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1948. .

[64]. Kinsey, op.cit. table 148 (p. 652)

[65]. For example, see Masters WH and Virginia E. Johnson, Homosexuality in Perspective. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979; Harry J and William B. DeVall, The Social Organization of Gay Males. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1978; Hite, S. The Hite Report on Male Sexuality. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981.

[66]. Ibid.

[67]. Padian NS, Shiboski SC, Jewell NP. The Effect of Number of Exposures on the Risk of Heterosexual HIV Transmission. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 883-887.

[68]. Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen JR, Jaffe HW, Curran JW. Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission from Heterosexual Adults with Transfusion-Associated Infections. JAMA 1988; 259: 55-58.

[69]. Anonymous. Confessions (Part V). People with AIDS Coalition New York Newsline 1994; March: 30-33.

[70]. CDC. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 1992; 41(RR-17): 1-19.

[71]. National Safety Council. Accident Facts. Chicago: National Safety Council, 1992.

[72]. Ibid.

[73]. Guinan ME, Hardy A. Epidemiology of AIDS in Women in the US: 1981-1986. JAMA 1987; 257(15): 2042.

[74]. Chapman S. Op.cit.: 138.

[75]. Overall, p. 31.

[76]. Overall, p. 35.

[77]. p. 35.

[78]. Murphy TF. No Time for an AIDS Backlash. Op.cit.

[79]. Fumento, op.cit.

[80]. p.8

[81]. Accident Facts, op.cit.

[82]. Kilzer L. The AIDS Mythology. Star Tribune (Minneapolis) 05 July 1992: A1.

[83]. San Francisco Examiner 20 October 1993: A-10. op.cit.

[88]. Ibid. p.11. Emphasis in original.

[89]. Kilzer, op.cit; San Francisco Examiner 20 October 1993: A-10, op.cit; See footnote and supra.

[90]. Murphy, op.cit., p.11.

[91]. Harris J, Holm S. If Only AIDS Were Different! Hastings Center Report 1993; 23(6): 6-12.