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( Metaphysicscannotbefullyaccomplished,letaloneproven.Whatagoodmetaphysicscandoisprovideanontologicalframeworkallowingasatisfyingorusefulclarityofthought.ThestodgyQuineanthatIam,mygreatesthopeisforparsimony;inthisIbelievetheSpinozisticunderstandingofnaturalecologyisfarsuperiortomoretraditionalSmithian/Darwinianundertakings.Beyondparsimony,however,Iwouldsuggestthatmymannerofdescriptionhastwoadditionalratherdecidedadvantages:Ontheonehand,itisrathersimplertodescribethe  - observationsofnaturalhistorywithinthetermsIusethanwiththemoremysticalsystemswhichtakealongdetourthroughaCatholicandBaconianhermeneuticsofforciblyrevealedtruthwhicharesodominantinscientificthought.There'stheratheroldmatterofOckham'sRazor.ASpinozisticmetaphysicsaccomplishesrathermorewithratherfewertermsthandothosewhoseheritagepassesfromPlatothroughDescartestoKant.Ontheotherhand,thosemetaphysicsoftruthconditionalrepresentation(whichimaginesubstancebehindthevacuityofTarski'slaw)ofwhichI'mnottoofondmusteithercastaratherthickshellbetweensemiotic/linguisticrepresentationandnaturalphenomenatoallappearancessimilar,orengageinratherpainfulcontortionstomaintainthetruthpreservingtendenciesof representationinbiologicalorganisms.Amorenatural,and"whynot"amoretruthfulpicturefindsa   commongroundinbiologicalandsemioticrepresentationinanidenticalformalfalseness.Morethanacommitmenttonominalism,however,whatthemetaphysicsItrytopresentstrivesforisshallowness.Thereisacertaingrainofnominalismevenhere,   buttheemphasisissomewhatdifferent.Iwishtoavoidstratificationoflevelsinontology,reservingstratificationanddifferentiationratherfortheobjectsoccupyingtheontology.Thereisasympathyherewithreductionistormonadicmaterialism 1X insofarasIwishtodenyanydivisionatthelevelofontology.Thingsdonotdifferontologically(whereallessencesareformallyhomogeneous),butrathermerelyas  things.Ofcourse,evenatraditionalreductionistmaterialism"forexampleHellenic  atomism"smugglesinastratificationofontologyIwishtoavoid.Afterall,thereductionistsstillbelievethevariousthingsnotexplaineddirectlymaterialtobeepiphenomena;andthisisstillsurelyanontologicalcategory.Iproposeashallow   metaphysics,notbecauseIbelieveinmetaphysicsatthelevelofexternaltruthandfalsity,butbecauseitispreciselythestructureofontologicallevels representingthingsatotherlevels(e.g. Wordsstandforthings)whichIwishtocritique.InasmuchaspossibleIwishnottobehoistedbymyownpetard,butalsoinasmuchasIwishmycritiquenottorelysolelyonthesinsIidentify.($  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  10    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXl , Inbrief,Icriticizethecommontendencyofunderstandingevolutionasa ( processoforganismsobtainingoptimal fitwiththeirenvironment,asopposedtosimplynotdyingout.FormoreonthiscritiqueseealsoLevinsandLewontin[1985],Rose,Kamin,andLewontin,[1985];orforatypicalandinfluentialexampleoftheerror,Dawkins[1990].MAXIMAL EVOLUTION  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  11    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlSurvivalvalue,isofcourse,anotionwhosemisuseiscloselytiedwiththe ( maximalistconceptionsofevolutionwhichImentioninfootnote.$MAXIMAL EVOLUTION.10  .Theproblemwithapproachestowardconceptualizingevolutionwhichmakecasualuseofthetermsurvivalvalueareoftwogeneralsorts.Inthefirstinstance,theseapproachestendto  viewenvironmentsinamechanisticandhypostatizedfashion.Notonlydotheysupposethatenvironmentsarethemselvesstaticandindependentoftheindividualorganismswhichactwithinthem,butalso,stillmoreseriously,thatthereexistsasingleenvironmentallydefinednicheconstrainingthepossibleadaptationsofanorganism.Althoughthelimitingassumptionofstaticityhasproblems,italsohassomeplausibilityinmanyinstances"however,suchubiquitousinteractionsasplantsmodifyingthechemicalcompositionofthesoiltheygrowinalreadycomplicatetheassumptionofstaticity.Restrainingthenicheswithinwhichadaptivechangewithinaspeciesoccurstoone,orevenseveral,isanevenmoreglaringinadequacyintheapproacheswecriticize.Withinthespaceofanyenvironmentalecosphereorbioregionthereexisthugevariationsinallmicroenvironmentalfactors.Tochosejustonearbitraryexample,thetemperatureinmanyregionsmaydifferbyasmuchas20degreesFahrenheitoverthespaceofjustafewinches,whereboundariesoflight/shadeandproximitytoplantsexistintheregion.Aninsect's nichemayincludethefactittravelsexclusivelyinshadedareas;andindeedtheinsectmayevolvetowardsmaximumutilizationofthisshadedregion.Ontheotherhand,adifferentpathtowardsmaximalizationofenvironmentalutilizationcouldinvolvemigratingjustthosefewinchestowardssunlitregions.Thesetwoadaptationssuggestedpresentpathstoutilizationoftwodifferentniches;butthesenichesarealreadypossibilitiesfortheancestorinsectinthesimplesensethatthemovefromonetotheotheriswellwithinthelocomotivecapacityoftheinsect.Similarnichedistinctionsoccuracrossallofthethousandsormillionsofmicroenvironmental 8  gradientsandtransitionswithinanycreature's bioregionand nicheStillmoreseriousthanthecriticismsmentionedintheaboveparagraph,ismanybiologists'(andbiologicalpopularizers')wantondisregardforthepresenceorabsenceofhaplotypicvariationwithinapopulationofatraittheysupposetohavesurvivalvalue"and,ingeneral,forthegeneticallyopenpathsforpossibleevolution.Itishereimportantthatonenoticethatphenotypicvariationinatraitissimplynot,initself,sufficient.Manytraitswhichvaryphenotypicallyvaryeitherduetoenvironmentalnoiseorsystematicenvironmentaldifference,orduetoacomplexarrayofunrelatedalleles(manyofwhichwillalsocontrolfornonselected,butpotentiallyimportant,traits).Supposingaparticularphenotypictraittoincreasefecundity,buttobedeterminedbyanarrayofnonproximatealleles,theonlywaythatthistraitcouldbecomedominantoruniversalinapopulationisthrougheliminationofalternateallelesateachofthesegenesites.However,suchaneliminationwill,inmostcases,haveotherphenotypiceffectsonorganisms"andwilladditionallyaffectthesurvivabilityofthepopulationasawholeinamannernotnecessarilycorrelatewiththefecundityofindividualorganisms(inthesimplestexample,apopulation'ssurvivalmaydependuponalternateallelesexistinginroughproportionacrossthepopulationasawhole"asforexamplewithsicklecellhemoglobinwhichwhenrecessivelypairedincreasesmalariasurvivability,butwhenmonogenetichasmortalresultsfortheindividualorganism).Evenbeyondthisconcern,thosewecriticizetendtoimagineeveryphenotypicallymanifestedhaplotypicvariationwhichtheymightposittoautomaticallyexistinagivenpopulation.So,forexample,humansociobiologistsimaginethatjustbecausetheycanoperationalizeaphenotypicallyvaryingtraitsuchasselfishnessorxenophobia,itmustwillynillyexistinahaplotypicallyselectable   formwithinapopulation.Overandabovetheerrormadebyassumingeveryexperimentallyoperationalizedphenotypictraittobehaplotypicallyvariantisthatmadeinfacilejudgementsofwhatisactuallyselectedfor.Many"probablyinsome ] sensetheoverwhelmingmajority"ofthetraitswhichevolveinspecies,whetherfinallyadvantageousordisadvantageous,ariseas accidentalbyproductsoftraitsdirectlyselectedfororagainst.Soeven,forexample,iftherecouldsomehowbeshowntobeahaplotypiccenterforhumanxenophobia,thiswouldnotprovethatitwasxenophobiaitselfwhichwasthesubjectofselectivepressure(asopposedtosomemoregeneral"ormorespecific"human[neurological]trait).BesidesDawkins[1990],Wilson[WilsonandLandry,1980;Wilson,1988]isaclearrecentculpritinthismisuse.ForamoresophisticatedpictureseeLevinsandLewontin[1985],andGould[1977].Itissomewhatdangeroustoallowtheuseof U$|% thephraseunderdiscussioninthisdocument;andwearenotunawareofitsdangers.However,fortherhetoricalpurposesofthissectionofthedissertationwewillcontinuetousethephrase,butputitinitalicsproperlytoindicateitsstatusasaforeignphraseforwhichapropertranslationdoesnotexist. , *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  12    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlIfrequentlycallthemetaphysicsIemployhereSpinozistic.Itisnot,inpointof ( fact,however,Spinozian.ThetermsIusearedifferent,andIusethemfordifferentreasons.AsmuchasmyinspirationandthanksgoestoSpinoza,particularlyas expressedintheworksofDeleuze(especially,oddly,hisbookonNietzsche[Deleuze,1983])andNegri[1991],myargumentsaredifferent.Atafirstbrush,onemighttransposeseveraltermsbetweenmydissertationandtheessaysofSpinoza:myEssencebecomesSubstance;AttributebecomesExpression;ExpressionbecomesMode;whileRepresentationisorphanedinthistransposition.Thereisacertainsensetothesetranspositions,butitisalimitedone.NoneofmytermsfunctionidenticallytothetransposedonesinSpinoza,norstilllessdotheyfunctionidenticallytothesametermsinSpinoza.Overall,thereadershouldbebestservedbybracketinganyefforttofindadirectrelationbetweenmytermsandthoseofSpinoza,whilenonethelessacknowledgingthatthereisaprevalentcommonnessinthedesireforadirectandshallowontology.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  13    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlWedonotheredepartfromtheSpinozisticcastinwhichweattemptto ( understandessenceandexpression.Towit:wedonotsupposethattheessenceofa  thingiseveranythingapartfromtheimmediateunityofitsexpressions,or,atleast,  ofitsattributes.ExpressionhereistakentobeidenticalwiththeSpinozistic  attribute"merelyconsideredfromadifferentperspective.Expressionandattribute |T are,forus,simplytwosidesofacoin,separatedonlybythespecialrelationsofalienabilitymarkedbythetermexpression.    ЇConsideredfromthepointofviewofathingitself,anattributeasexpressiveisan  alienatedaspectofitsessence.Butconsideredfromthepointofasecondthing,afirstthing'sexpressedattributeis,contrarilyandprecisely,afeatureofafirstthing's q immanence.Thisdistinctionisgiveninexamplewithinthemaintext,infra,butwe = d willheredetailitinitsmostabstractandpreciseform.Sinceathing,fromitsownperspective,entersintorelationwithasecondthingonlyinsofarasanexpressionofitsessence[seenote6,EXPRESSION `OF' . . .615  ,also]becomessimultaneouslyanattributeofsuchasecondthing,anattributeisanexpressiononlyinsofarasitisimmanentlyalienated.Fromtheperspectiveofasecond,externalthing,however,afirstthing'sexpressionispreciselytheaspectunderwhichitbecomesathingforthesecondthing.Inthisregard,therefore,everyexpressionrepresentsabsoluteimmanenceinsofarasexpressionistheverymarkwhichconstitutestheessenceofafirstthingforasecondthing.Withoutsuchamarkathingcannotexistasathingforasecondthing.Inrespecttotheabove,weappeartodepartfromSpinozism.Weallowan(expressive/expressed)attributetobeattributivesimultaneouslyoftwoormoredifferentessences"thoughinrelationonlytodifferentrespectiveessences.Webelieve,however,thatthisdepartureisanappearanceonly.OurtermessenceistobedistinguishedfromtheSpinozisticsubstance.Byessence,asstatedabove,wedonotmeananythinginitselfapartfromitsattributesorparts.Rather,anessence $ issimplyastate,orstructure,ororganizationinwhichacollectionofpartseachacttowardacollectiveunity.Theclearestexamplewemaygiveisalsotheonegermanetothissectionofthedissertation:abiologicalentityhasanessencepreciselyinsofarasitisconstitutedbyahomeostaticarrangementofconstitutiveparts.Inparticular,anorganismexistsessentiallyassuchonlyasconstitutedbyitsorgans.(Wedonot,   however,confineourlevelofanalysistothatofindividualorganismsonly,species,populations,ecosystems,cells,mitochondria,andotherbiologicalentitiesmayalsoexistessentially).Itmaybenotedthataparticularorgandoesnotnecessarilypertain ] uniquelytoaparticularorganism"asisshownbothbysymbiosisandparasitism: )P respectively,theimmediatelyconstitutiveanddisconstitutiveformsofexpressiverelationsbetweenorganisms.AtthepointofthisfootnoteIstarttoshowsimilaritieswithpragmatism.Myconnectionswithpragmatism.Howeverletmeherehighlight,insketchthe(apparent)connection.Wetreatessenceinamanneralmostepiphenomenaltothehomeostaticarrangementofparts.Suchanarrangement,andsuchateleonomichomeostasis(orotherstability)isprimafaciealwaysapragmaofanyorganism/entity;andallother #$ pragmatamaybereduced,perhaps,tohomeostatictendenciesoflinkedlevelsofessentiality.Forexample,ifreproductionisapragmaofindividualorganisms,one !%H& plausibleunderstandingofnaturalselectionwouldinsistthatitissoonlyrelativetoahomeostatictendencyofgeneticsequences.Atastillmoregenerallevel,however,itdoesnotseemabsurdtolinkeverymeaningofpurposedirectlytotheformsofreicconstitutivity,suigeneris.Thatis,anyevent/entitycanserveapurposeofathing Q(x!* onlyinsofarasitacts,insomerespect,toaffirmtheconstitutionofthething.Readinsuchamanner,Iwillindeedinsistthatessenceisalwaysreducedtopurposes"justasdothepragmatists. . *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  41    Forthatmatter,andperhapsironically,MurrayandHerrnsteinprobablybelong ( topreciselysomeofthose racialgroupsthatEugenicistofthelate19thcenturyand  eary20thcentury(suchasSpearman)weretryingtoexclude.  C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XZXXX&y&XXZTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz_&&y#__#   ?:'  dEe ?  C)  &m&XX &$&&&mlXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@Text,Page  209    *$  ݛ η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  16    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlAgreatdangerindescribingthebelowcasesofevolutionarysuccessisto ( projectpurposesorafuturedirectednessontoameregenotypicrangeofancestrallyrelated(andinsexualorganisms,interbreeding)organisms.Itshouldgowithoutsayingthatgenesknownofuture.Unfortunately,thealmostuniversaltendencyintalkofevolutiondescribespopulationsevolving inorderto....Thisisametaphysicswereject.Itisfromthepointofviewofapast'salreadyachievedfutureinthepresentthatnaturalhistoriesappeartohaveapurposivenature.Perhapssuchanappearanceis,infact,quiteunavoidable[see,Gould,1990].Inanyevent,inthebelow,weendeavortoavoidanyteleologicallanguageindescribingevolution,whilenonethelesstryingtocapturetheregulativestructuresgoverninggenotypicandphenotypicchangeinthenaturalhistoryoforganisms.Wetalkinthebelow,sometimes,oftrends,whichwhilelessthanneutral,soundbetterthantalksofdirections,tendencies,orothergenerallyteleologicalshorthanddescriptionsforinfinitelydetailedhistories.  *$  ݛ η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  17    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlInterestingly,twoofthelessusedmeaningsofoccludehaveaniceresonance ( inthiscontext.MyAmericanHeritageElectronicDictionarygivesthemeanings, 3.Chemistry.Toabsorboradsorbandretain(asubstance).4.Meteorology.Toforce  ? (air)upwardfromEarth'ssurface,aswhenacoldfrontovertakesandundercutsawarmfront.̜ } *$  ݛ η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  18    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlInFrancisCrick'swidelyknowncharacterization,theCentralDogmastatesthat ( informationtravelsfromDNAtoRNAtoproteins,butneverinthereversedirection.ThebroadernotionisthatMendelianmechanismsmakeupallofevolutionarychange,whileLamarckianmechanismsaremerefiction.AmongtheproblemsinthecentraldogmaaretheexchangeofDNAmaterialbetweengenotypicallydistinctcells(universalamongsinglecelledorganisms,commonalsoinplanthybrids,andinsinglecellularorganismsexistinginsidemulticellularbodies);environmentalinfluencesuponratesandsitesofchromosomalmutations;reversetranscriptaseoperativeinviruses,andpossiblyinnormalmammaliancellswhichreplicatesRNAsequencesintoDNA. a *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  19    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlIdonotsuggestthatthesuperegoisnotitselfadominatingforceofitsown ( sort.ThecapriciousfuryofthesuperegoisaphenomenawellenoughunderstoodbyFreud,andwelldiscussedbyiekinanumberofplaces.Butthedominanceofthe  superegoisaninternalizeddominance.Ratherthantheidactinacapriciouslyviolentandaggressivewaytowardbeingsoutsideself,thesuperegoturnscapriciousviolencetotheselfitself. ~ *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  20    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlThis bioenergeticprincipleis,inessence,solarenergy.Theplayofenergyon ( thesurfaceoftheearthiscaused,inthefirstplace,bytheenergyreceivedfromthesun.IbelieveitisnotunreasonabletoreadmanyofNietzsche'sreferencestothesuninrelationtothis.Onemightnormallyreadthesereferencestothesunasmetaphoricallystandingforwilltopower;however,IbelieveBataille'sreadinggives |T usameanstoreadthesereferencesquiteliterally.AnyreadingofNietzschewhichisnotmetaphoricalis,Ibelieve,tobepreferredtoametaphoricaloneinlightofhisremarksintheGenealogyabouttheincomprehensible(tous)literalnessofalloriginal   nobles.  C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XuXXX&m&XXuTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz" &&m#" " #   ?:'  dE ?  )     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@@X9B @, XZXXXXZXXiXZ: `      &[&XiXZ<<@Text,Page  248   d | *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  27    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlHere,andthroughoutthissection,sexshouldbereadintermsofsexual ( identity,thatmostlyofabinarygenderselfidentificationratherthanapreferentialsexualpartner,andnotassexualactsortheirancillaries. v *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  28    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlThesexualidentityofconcern,onfirstbrush,isthatidentityasmaleorfemale ( (orneither,both,etc.),butasweseeintheBuuel'scharacterConchita,thisgender  identityisratherinextricablyentangledwithbothanimaginaryandsymbolicsexual  objectchoice"notjustinthesenseofamalevs.femalesexualobject,butalsoinsensessuchasmanyvs.fewvs.nosexualobjectanddifferentmeaningsofsexualobjectchoice.R-S P.57AVIII. WORDS TO THE ENDTable_A  C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XZXXX&y&XXZTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz_&&y#__#   ?:'  dEe ?  C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XZXXX&y&XXZTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz_&&y#__#   ?:'  dEe ?d02StandardStandard document format((dXX      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlE ,$ X;XXXX;XXX;: `       )@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlE @, X4XXXX4XXX4: `    @  &c&XX4<d<(@mm  376   q *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  77    DadaprecededSituationism,ofcourse,asdidSurrealism.Assumingthe ( neededcaveatsareexpressedastothemultiplemembersofthoselooseaffiliations(groupsseemsliketoomuch),Ithinkwecouldsaythis:Theformer,Dada,certainlyintendedtobeantisystematic;butIdonotthinkitintendedtobetheoreticallyanti  systematicinthewaypostmodernismis.Dadawasmoreofagutleveldisgustwith |T ? systematicitythanatheoreticalmovement.Surrealism,atleastinasmuchasBretonwasafairspokesperson,haditsownkindofsystematicityofnonhegemonicstatesofconsciousness.SurrealismwasnotwithoutelementsincommonwithitsneartermsuccessorSituationism,buttheantisystematicmovewasnotsocentral.Ofcourse,onecanfindantisystematicprecursorsgoingbackquiteaways,ifoneiswillingtobeabitlooseinanalogizing.Heraklituscanbereadinsomeoftheseways.SocanelementsofTaoismorBuddhismbereadinanantisystematiclight.Abitmorerecently,theRanters,LevelersandDiggershaveacertainantinomianantisystematicity.Alloftheseareveryinterestingintheirownright.Butintermsofstandingasresponsestomodernisttotalizinggestures,asSituationismandpostmodernismdo,theirsignificanceisonlybyanalogy.  *$    η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  85    Ifinditinterestinginthiscontexttocontemplatetheideologicalpositionand ( mechanismofTourettessyndrome"specifically,thoseTouretteurswhoissueutterancesasatypeoftic(somewherearound20%ofthosewiththesyndrome,butinthisnote,allowthegenericmentiontorefertothissubset).Ihavenodoubtoftheneurologicalbasisofthesyndrome,andcertainlyhavenodesiretoreturntocrudeFreudianequationofTouretteswithhysterias.Butneurologicalgeneralitiesplayoutthroughhumanparticularities.ItisnotasifTouretteursissuewordsofrandom   languages,norevenwordsofsomeChomskianuniversalgrammar;Touretteursinevitablyejectwordsandphrasesoftheirownnativelanguage(oratleastoflanguagefamiliartothem),andveryoftenthesewordsandphrasesareinvectivesorothertaboowords.Clearlythereissomethingmorethanneurologygoingoninword D   choice.AsomewhatprovocativecharacterizationwouldbetoreadTourettesasatypeofideologycritique.Touretteursejectwordsasonemightvomitafterswallowinga tL   poison.Inasense,theexternalitiesofSymbolicdiscursivity(Spectacle/ideology)whichareinternalizedbyallsubjectsarereexternalizedbyTouretteurswithouttheinterventionofinterpellation(atleastforsomefewutterances).Everyonereexternalizesstufftheyhaveheardoncetheystartbelievingit;andalotofussay = d stuffwedonotbelieveatvarioustimes.These normaltypesofrepetitionsareperceivedassubjectiveacts,eveninthosecaseswherethewordsthemselvesmight   bedissimulativeorinsincere.InTouretteursverbaltics,thecontentreexternalizedisdistinctlynotperceivedbythespeaker(norbylisteners intheknow)asa m  subjectiveact.Therearenottoomanyothersituationswhereverbalreexternalizationoccurswithoutasubjectivepresumption(acting,maybe;recitation;imitativespeech,suchasachildplayingwordgames;maybeacoupleothers).AutopianappropriationmightimagineTouretteurstosay youneednotbesubjectivizedbyyourspeech.WhatwouldbeinterestingtoknowwouldbemoreabouthowTouretteurssubjectivelyperceivethethingstheyutterastics.Clearlythereisnodirectdoxasticconnectioninthesenseofaticbeinganassertion.Buttherecouldbeassociationalbeliefsinvolved,inthemannerofFreudiandreamworktransference.Ortheremightbeanactualrelationbetweeneschewalandticutterances.Thecommonnessofinvectivessupportsthisinasmuchasmostpeoplethinkthereissomethingwrongwithsayinginvectives(eventhosewhosaythematcertaintimes).Underthishypothesis,itwouldbeimportanttounderstandtheleveloftheeschewal"thereisadifferencebetweenthingsthatpeoplesimplydisagreewithandthosetheyfeelguiltyaboutbelieving.Ontheotherhand,theactualhearingofcertainphrasesfrequentlymayhaveitsown(re)subjectivizingeffects.TherearesimplyalotofdetailsIdonothaveinformingajudgementonthematterofthisfootnote.HETERO-NORMATIVITY 7 *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  59    Formypurposesherein,letusallowtheinclusionofseveralrelated ( concepts/ideologieswithinthegeneralterm.Thenotionsofrapetraumasyndrome,repressedmemorysyndrome,sadisticabuseandsomeotherpseudoclinicaltermsaremarkersofafewslightvariationsonthethemesofritualabuseideology.Thehistoryandfunctioningoftheseveralnotionsiscloseenoughthattheymayeasilybeconsideredunderacommontermformygeneralpurposeofdetermingtheirmodeofideologicalfunctioning. l *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  29    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlThequotedsentencedefiningsignifiancemightbereasonablypresumedtobe ( takenfromSemeiotek[Kristeva,1968],butDucrotandTodorovdonotprovidean  explicitcitationforthequotation.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  30    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlInmany,perhapsmost,casesurbanlegendsareidentifiablebyverbalelements ( quiteidiosyncratictoaparticularlegend.Forexample,aparticularmythorlegendwhichisotherwisevariable,willbe pinneddownbythenearuniversaluseofaparticularpropernoun(aperson'sname,oraplace,forexample)whichalwayscropsupinthestory,evenwhilehavingnoessentialconnectiontothemoralofthestory.Inthebelowexample,eventhoughthe moralofthestoryhastodobroadlywithcorruptionofchildrenbydrugs,theparticularpointducapitonofthename Blue   Starremainsthroughoutothervariationsinthestory.Butsurely,the meaningofthestorydoesnotdependonthisodd,althoughperhapsmemorable,name.H  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  32    Another,lesscompelling,wordplaywaslaterapparentlypostedfromthesame ( Emailaddress,morph10625@aol.com(MORPH10625).Thebelowtextalsotakesaspecialtypographicform,andrepeatsthesameBlueStarlegend.Ontwopoints,thistextseemslikemerelywordplayasopposedtorealsignifiance.Onthefirstpoint,the  veryobviousnessofthetypographicconventionpreventsthetextfrompassing,evenmomentarily,asnonparodic(althoughtheintentoftheparodyisnotnecessarilyevident).Havingnothingcovertwithintheparodicstructureseemstoweakenthetransgressiveeffectoftheenunciative(orreaderly)act.Secondly,thetextismuchmoreartificialinitscompositionatasyntacticandsemanticlevel.Thesentencestructureandsemanticflowappearsforcedinawaythatfailstoprovideagapbetweenitsovertmeaningfulnessanditstypographicreduction,ordeconstruction,ofthismeaningfulness.Ifoneweretotypographicallyreformatthebelowtexttoeliminatetheevidenceofitspeculiarityofconstruction,thetextwouldstillseemstrangeandunnatural.Withtheearlier59charactertext,atypographicreformattingofthetextwouldhideitspeculiarityofconstruction,butthetextwouldotherwisepassforaperfectly authenticexampleofacredulouslycirculatedBlueStartext.Ofminornotehereisthatthebelowtextisnotevenfullyconsistentinconformitywithitsownlinelengthrestriction.   ? 5 X9" ~5Ԁ&  ԀI q Ѐhad̀heard̀frommỳco-worker̀aboutabig̀problemtoday.̀Itseemsmykid̀andyourkid,all̀ofourkidshavetòworryaboutevildrug̀dealersgivingoutfakètattooswithacidinthem.̀Thisisnotajokeorrumor.̀Thisisaseriousthreatthat̀mustnotbetakenlightly.Theỳhaveabluestaronthem,butnot̀all-somehavecartoonsorsuchoǹthem.Youmustbeverycarefulwithàbluestartattoobecausethestrychninècanbeabsorbedintoyourbloodfromjust̀handlingthepaper.Thishorriblethinghas̀areasontoit-thedealerswantLSDaddicts̀tobuymoreaftertheyarehooked.Symptomsyoùshouldwatchforare:hallucinations,moodswings,̀uncontrolledlaughter,dropinbodytemperature,̀dizzinessordisorientation,severelydilated̀pupils,andseverevomiting.Sometime-up̀toanhour,canpassbetweencontactwith̀thedrugandonsetofsymptoms.Ifyour̀childhasfellvictimtothisheinous̀crime,youmusttakehimquicklytòahospital.Childrenharealreadỳdiedfromthis,LSDoverdoseis̀easy.Ifyouseeasuspicious̀persongivingtattoos,foil̀wrappedespecially,phonèyourpoliceimmediately.̀Thisisarealdanger̀andisgrowingmuch̀fasterthanIcaǹspreadwarnings̀alone.Thanks̀forreading̀thisthat̀Iwrotèabout̀LSD̀!' i#5 "~9*#  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  33    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlDerrida'sextensivewritingsonlogocentrism"ametalinguisticgroundingof ( textsinauthorialauthority"is,ofcourse,ofgreatrelevancehere.Theauthorinmanycases,perhapsessentially,functionsasadodgetothequestionoffixityofmeaning.ButanyexegeticaldiscussionofDerridamustremain,unfortunately,outsidethescopeofthisdissertation.AIV. IDEOLOGY, RACE, NATION  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  39    IkeepobservingthroughthisdocumentthatIamnotadialectician.Idoso ( againhere,butwithoutbeingabletoeliminateacertainsentimentforadialectic.Iusemyinsufficientlyforbiddenwordagainasashorthandnotjustforthepeculiarmannerinwhichnecessaryandimpossibleareinanoddcomplimentaryandcontradictoryrelationship,butforthemannerinwhichthehistoriesofideologiesneedtobecontemplatedthroughthisrelationship.RACIST BENCHMONEY FETISHISM  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  75    MocnikhimselfdoesnotexplicitlymentionDavidson'sprincipleeither. ( However,Mocnik,likeDavidson,reliestoalargedegreeontheanalysesofGrice.  Davidsonwouldbelikelytoacknowledgethathis principleofgenerosityisinmanywayssimplyaformalizationoftheearlierworkdonebyGrice.Inanyevent,IbelievementionofDavidson'sprincipleisillustrativeofthegesturemadebyMocnik.UNLADYLIKE g@e  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  1    Linguisticpragmaticismisquiteadifferentmatter,ofcourse,fromphilosophical ( pragmatism.Letuspostponeanyrealtalkofthelatter.amnesic non-refutation  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  90      ThisgridcouldalsobearrangedaccordingtotheGreimasian semioticsquare ( whichiekjuxtaposestotheHegeliantriad[iek,1991a].Thatis,wecould  arrangethetermsas:   l   }_G73z X` `Q @@@E|` -^ -  } |T iekpresentsuswiththefollowingtwoothersuchsemioticsquares,whichIwill   presenthereforcomparisonandexplication:  A      l   }aG73z X` ` @@@E` Y_ Y  }     and,   l   }cG73z X` ` @@@E ` =] = 6 }  % Thesesquaresmaybereadaschartingaseriesofdialecticalreversals,startingfromthetopleft,movingrightward,thenreturningtothebottomleftalongthediagonal.Eachofthesemovesmaybereadasaprocessofnegation,givingusthefamousHegelianlogicofthe negationofthenegationaccordingtowhichwedonotarrivewherewestarted.WhatisabsentwithintherestrictedHegeliantriadisamomentofpurenegativity,representedinthebottomrightofthesquare,whichconditionsthefirsttwomomentsthroughitsnegativerelationtothem,butwhichissimplyincommensurablewiththesyntheticmomentrepresentedatbottomleft.Butitisthis fourthmomentwhichisnonethelessalwaysnecessaryforthedialectictoproceed.iekillustratesthispointwellvisavisthesecondtwographspresented,soIwill 3Z  commenthereinonlyonthefirstgraph"containingthetermsofdiscussionwithinthisessay.Abriefreflectionuponthiswillshowthattheremaininggraphsfollowthesamestructure.Withintheuseofthetermsassketchedthroughoutthisessay,aninauthentic /V momentofsaturatedsubjectivityisamomentintheimaginaryconstructionofthesubjectwhosephenomenologicalcharacterisineffable,butwhoseoccurrenceis  nonethelesspredictable.Withthemovetothosespontaneousauthenticmoments,  theineffabilityofthephenomenologicalexperienceisaccompaniedbynonpredictability.Suchauthenticmomentsmightnothavehappened.Inthetransition + R fromauthenticitytodeviance,twothingshappen.Inthefirstplace,effabilityisconstituted,andpredictabilityremainsabsent.Adeviantactisbydefinitiononewhichbreakswithregulativenormativity,andhencemightnothavehappened.Butwithinthecategoryofdeviance,asubjectisnonethelessconstitutedbycategoriesof [# explanatorynormativity,evenattheverymomentsheviolatesregulativenorms. '$N Devianceisalwayseffablewithinthetermsofexplanationofapathological $ subjectivity,thoughit'soccurrenceisalwayscontingent.Thesecondfacetofthis %  negationofanegationisatransferof levels.Withdeviancewemovefroma & phenomenologicalconstitutionofsubjectivitytoasociologicalone.ThetriadicmotionthroughInauthenticityAuthenticityDevianceseemsto ("" completeadialecticsofsubjectivity,evenoneinwhichpredictabilityfunctionsasavanishingmediatoronthepathfromineffabilitytoeffability.However,thereremains *#$ afourthtermunaccountedforinthisdialectics.Thatterm,transgression,marksthe  pointinthedialecticsofsubjectivityheldbytheveryimpossibilityofsubjectivity.It  represents,hence,thedissolutionofthedialecticmovement;theunderlyingpurposeofthewholedialecticistomaskthispositioninorderthatafantasyofsubjectivitymaybedialecticallyplayedthrough.Butitisonlyinrelationtotheactualunrealityof  0 subjectivitythatthefantasticplayofthedialecticofsubjectivityfunctions;andthereforeitisthisfourthmoment"entirelyoutsideofthedialecticofsubjectivity"whichformstheverybasisofthedialecticandofsubjectivity.`GREIMAS3.WPGWPC,Q _ f519Ej`ooD_D_o `!5DDDz|yuDDN `"R^^adgilnprtuvvvvv v xxxyzz{|~ "$%()))^^apoonmm lljihfdb`^^ `#@^[[[ZZVTPNKIFDCCBBC EIOIE#D)C,C/D0D2D2N1N0N.N,N+N+N*N)O)P)Q)T)U)^^][XVURQ ONNLLNPTZ]^^ `$-BZBPP\PXRUSRUPXNZL\K_K`KaKbKdKgLkOnQrUvXx]yayfyDyDyLwIsFpElDgCdB_@[@V@RBMDIFFJDOBTBZ `%%NVTQPONNNNNNNNB@@@@@BCDEHJN `&1DD|zsDD   `'+(*,.248<?CFJNQTWZ]`bdgijmppaa^[WRLIFC@><98( `(F(('~&x%s%m%d']*V-P0L2J6H9E>DCCFBKBPBTCWCZD\D^EaEcFgIiLlOnRoVrZs]s`d`d]c\bZaW`V]T\RZQWPTOQNNNHNCP>Q:U8X6^4c4jtjtts|pacd{dv4v4z6|788( `)5DDDz|yuDD `*%NVTQPONNNNNNNNB@@@@@BCDEHJN `+ `,DDb `-W0v2|358:>AEJNSX]`dhkoqtvxz{~l~kjhec_\WMFA{@l@dB^DZGUKQNPRNWNZN^ObQeThVjZk]lb{bz]xZvUuPrLoJlHiEdD`C\BWBTBQCNCKDHDEEAF?I<K:O6R4W3\2a0g0n0p0s0u0v& `.(8': `/ DDg6gBDTD8'0u u `0-bZbpp\pXrUsRuPxNzL|KKKKKKLOQUX]afDDLIFEDCB@{@v@rBmDiFfJdObTbZ `1%NVTQPONNNNNNNNB@@@@@BCDEHJN `214 4 D& D& |& $ # "         zsDD             # ' * - / 2 3 4 4  `3+H J L N R T X \ _ c f j n q t w z }            ~ { w r l i f c ` ^ \ Y X H  `4FH H G ~F xE sE mE dG ]J VM PP LR JV HY E^ Dc Cf Bk Bp Bt Cw Cz D| D~ E E F I L O R V Z ] ` ` ] \ Z W V} T| Rz Qw Pt Oq Nn Nh Nc P^ QZ UX XV ^T cT j j t |    { vT vT zV |W X X H  `55 D                            D D z                  | y u D D `6% N           V T Q P O N N N N N N N N B @ @ @ @ @ B C D E H J N `70 > > 0 0  `80 > > D0 D0 b `9WP vR |S U X Z ^ a e j n s x }            ~ ~      | w m f a {` l` db ^d Zg Uk Qn Pr Nw Nz N~ O Q T V Z ] b b ] Z U P L J H E D C| Bw Bt Bq Cn Ck Dh De Ea F_ I\ KZ OV RT WS \R aP gP nP pP sP uP v* `: -<S<S-*-*--b `;bbqq swy|   } yvsrqqbN `<R      `=@ `>5  "&*-13689 :<<<---,+* '%     " `?~vnmjigdba` ^ ] \\\\\]^`abdgilnrtx{zupic^ZVRPONNLLZZ[\^afjpuy||xspmigca][XVURQPOOOP QTVX\`cgjov|   `@9           ^ `AVb `B         $ ) . . 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D *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  2    ItisprobablyunwisetotrytounpacktheSokal/SocialTextaffairhere,since ( neitheroriginalprotagonistisquiteasclearlyemblematicofidealizedpositionsastheirproponentsclaim.Buttherearecertainlyresonancesthereofsomefamiliarpositions.WhatoneencounteredinsomeofSokalsdefenderswaspreciselythesentimentthatitisimpropertoaskmysortof softquestionsthatmightcastdoubtonthepurityofrepresentation.Holdinmindjustthattypeasmyintended H  interlocutor.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  88    Acitationalnoteisinorderhere.InthisandallotherquotationsfromDebords ( SocietyoftheSpectacle,pagenumberwillnotbeindicated,butratheraphorism  number.Aswellasmatchingthespiritofthebook,thisconventionreflectsthefactthattheBlack&RededitionIutilizedoesnotprovideprintedpagination.VI. The Meaning of Ideology6$<η4foot-diss 0(dX      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl , X;XXXX;XXX;: `      Ӏ  0   L *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  6    Ofcourse,theidealismofthe theoryoftheforceofargumentisnotquitethe ( idealismofTranscendentalIdealism.Thisidealismisasortoflayidealismwhichfallsinnoparticularconflict"atleastinapracticalway"withthelaymaterialismofmostcommonsensicalacademics.II. Biological Reflections  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  35    Anexcellentbeginner'sintroductiontosubstantiallyallmajoraspectsof ( Lacan'sthoughtisJonathanScottLee'sJacquesLacan[Universityof  Massachusetts,1991].iek'sSublimeObjectofIdeologyisaniceintroductorytext  itself,althoughitdoesmuchmorethanjustintroduceLacan'sthought.Lacan'sprojectasawholemightbesaidtobeasuccessionofeffortstogroundtheimpossibilityofthesubject.Beforeallthelater postmodernistswhosharehis   conclusion,andmoreradicallythanthemany antiCartesianswhoprecedehim,LacanperformsaradicalcritiqueofCartesiansubjectivity,asadictumforpsychoanalyticpractice.ForLacan,psychoanalysisstartswiththenonBeingofthe x P  subject,thenslowlyunravelsthesubject'spretensionstoBeing.OneoftheblockagesencounteredintheLacanian unravelingisthepointatwhichthenonsubject blamesitsnonBeingonthenonBeingoftheSymbolicOrder.The   SymbolicOrderisthecommondomainofcommunicativeexchangeinwhichthesubjectdemandsitbesubjectivated.ThisS()ismerelyoneofseveralofwhatwe @  mightfancifullydescribeasroadblocksontheroadfromnonBeingtononBeing"butitistheimportantonefortheconceptualanalysisoftheRacist/Nationalistcomplexathand. *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  36      Theabsurdityhereis,ofcourse,thepresuppositionthatonenames any real ( empiricaltraitwiththeclaimofnationalidentity.Amoreaccuratewayofunderstandingaclaimofnationalidentityisasapureperformativewhichstakesaclaimtoaparticularenunciativeposition"butwhichhasno referential meaningwhatsoever.  However,nationalist"notonlyferventpoliticalnationalist,buttheordinarycitizens |T whoconceivethemselvesasnationals"inevitablyinsistthattheirclaimtonationalidentityisasubstantivestatementwhichdescribesanindependentrealempiricalnature.ThedistinctionbetweentheclaimsofnationalidentityandthoseofpoliticalaffiliationwhichImentionbecomesclearwhenoneposesaquestionoftheconditionsofknowledgeofthedifferentidentities.Withnationalidentity,itispossibleto discover onewasnotwhatonethought"forexample,bydiscoveryofadoptioninto D   afamily,orofotherpreviouslyunknowncircumstancessurroundingone'sbirth(orevenofone'sparents'birthorblood).However,wecannotnormally decide notto   belongtoournationalidentity:wemayrejectthevalues,politics,religion,etc.ofournation,butstillitisthevalues,etaliaof our nationwereject.Justtheopposite tL  appliestoapolitical/beliefaffiliation.Itmakesnosenseto discover thatwearenot @  reallyMarxists(orDemocrats,Tories,etc.),aswehadthought"butitmaybepossibleto convince usnolongertoholdsuchbeliefs(Ileaveasidesuchtrivial   possibilitiesasfindingthatonehasforgottenpaymentofone'spartydues,andhencearenolongertechnicallyamemberofagivengroup).Thisisclearlybecause pH ourpoliticalaffiliationsarebetterunderstoodforwhattheyare:performativeclaimstoenunciativepositions.Oneofthemostinfluentialdiscussionsoftheperformativenatureofsexual/gender x identities,inparticular,isJudithButler'sGenderTrouble[Routledge,1990].She lD arguespersuasivelythattherereallyissomethingratherabsurdinourbeliefingenders.AnnFaustoSterlingdoeslikewise,inMythsofGender[BasicBooks,1992],  fromtheratherdifferentperspectiveofabiologist.Inanycase,toclaimtheseabsurditiesare glaringishardlytoclaimtheyarewidelynoticed.Manythingsshine t  withoutbeingseen.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  37      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlInthefirstedition"thesecondeditiondoesnotmodifythisconclusion,but ( onlyitspositionwithinthetext.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  89    Plantworks,inpart,fromasomewhatdifferenttranslationofDebordthan ( referencedinmybibliography.IntheBlack&RededitionIutilize,122isrenderedas,8  Whenconstantlygrowingcapitalistalienationatalllevelsmakesitincreasinglydifficultforworkerstorecognizeandnametheirownmisery,forcingthemtofacethealternativeofrejectingthetotalityof H  theirmiseryornothing,therevolutionaryorganizationhastolearnthat   iscannolongercombatalienationwithalienatedforms.      119istranslatedas,8  ArevolutionaryorganizationexistingbeforethepoweroftheCouncils(itwillfinditsownformthroughstuggle),forallthesehistoricalresons,alreadyknowsthatitdoesnotrepresenttheworkingclass.It   mustrecognizeitselfasnomorethanaradicalseparationfromthe   worldofseparation.      Thetranslationsarenotdramaticallydifferent,butitisuseful,inanyevent,toprovideabitmorecontextfromDebordsaphorisms.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  22    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlThistopicheading,whileperhapsobviousenoughinadiscussionofLacan,is ( borrowedfromJonathanScottLee[Lee,1990].  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  23    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlThefulltitleofthis1953address,oftenreferredtoasthe RomeDiscourseis (  TheFunctionandFieldofSpeechandLanguageinPsychoanalysis,orinitsFrench, Fonctionetchampdelaparoleetdulangageenpsychanalyse. 1 *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  24    lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXXlBorrowingherefromKristeva,whodistinguishessemiologyfromsemiotics. ( ThisdistinctioncloselyparallelstheoneLacanstartstomakefromthe1970'sbetweentheSymbolicandtheReal.KristevaessentiallywishestonameaSaussurianstructuralismwithheruseoftheformerword,whiledistinguishingherownsconceptionoffreedominlanguageinitsconcretespeechaspectwiththelatterterm.women and aids3|x  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  81    Itisnot,ofcourse,thecasethatbefore consumerspending(eitherbeforein ( chronologyorinbookeepingsenses)therewasnothingdifferentialaboutspending.MarxhasafamousremarkaboutthedifferentialnecessityofbeerfortheEnglishproletariatandwinefortheFrenchproletariat.Butthetypeofdifferentiationclearlymovesfromaculturaltoaconsumerpreference.WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerWPDraw30.Drawingrࡱ;   !"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567Root Entry`.@pOle 9WPG200CompObjd)F! 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----$FGHCDEBIGIJGFG----$----$EFFH----$FJGBDHF----$GCEIIGG----$GFFEHGG--capeA4 0 *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  7    AproblempresentsitselfinthecontrastIattempt.Inasense,Icanhardlyargue ( thatthe forceofthebetterargumentwins.Inawaythisstatementisatautology.Thedistinctionwithinthedistinctionisbetweendifferentconceptionsofwhatthisforceisthatthebetterargumenthas.Onecouldmakeanaivematerialistdistinction  betweenanintrinsicandextrinsicforceofarguments.Thelayidealistbelievesinan |T intrinsicforcetoarguments,whileanaivematerialistseesthisforceasextrinsic(suchasintheforceofarmspossessedbythepartywiththewinningargument).ButthatsnotquitethekindofmaterialistIameither.Abetterwaytoputitistosaythatcertainargumentshave,asanintrinsicquality,thepotentialityandtheactualitytogoextrinsic.Inthefinalanalysis,itisextrinsicforceswhichdecideconflictsof x P  ideas,butwinningideasthemselvesarealready(intrinsically)extrinsic.d2StandardStandard document format      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlXX ,, X2XXXqqXiX2: `       C)  &&XX &w=&&&lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@&Text,Page  206    *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  8    Thesefewwords,ofcourse,areatitleofoneofBaudrillardsearlybooks,one ( whichfollowsDebordsbyonlyacoupleyears.WithoutheretryingtounpackBaudrillard,eitherinthatparticularbookorinhislaterturns,itisobviousthatDebordandBaudrillardworkinacloseconnection.The mirrorshowstwothings"althoughperhapsthetwoareone"bothrepresentationandconsumption,twinreflectionsofareductionistMarxist base.Despitecertaincommonalities,Baudrillardseemstowanttoanalyzeaninternallogicofconsumption/representationparallelingthatof   production,whileDebordcontrarilyfindsthelogicofrepresentationtoalreadylieatthecoreofthelogicofproduction.dA2StandardStandard document format      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlXXC , XbXXXXbXXiXb: `       C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XKXXX&&XXKTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz9&&#99#   ?:'  dE ?material ideologyDay-Care Devil WorshipersKK ?2EpigraphQuotes for beginnings of Chapters/SectionsX$ XXX  X$ XXX    )     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@@XC @, XZXXXXZXXiXZ: `      &[&XiXZ<<@Text,Page  248  (K$vhh:Table LayoutSet different font for TablesXXXO<6X9`("Courier NewTTOXXXO<6X9`("Courier NewTTOU'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(2C$ !  ($     A<< c0P.cvtext X XX X &C& XXd2StandardStandard document format      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlXX ,, X2XXXqqXiX2: `     dA2StandardStandard document format      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlXXA , XbXXXXbXXiXb: `       )     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@@XA @, XZXXXXZXXiXZ: `      &[&XiXZ<<@Text,Page  248    C)  &&XX &w=&&&lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@&Text,Page  206    C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XKXXX&&XXKTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz9&&#99#   ?:'  dE ?$%&  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  38    WithallrespectstoGregIngraham,PenelopeHouston,JamesWilseyand ( DannyFuriousforthetitle;andtothosewhoknowwhotheyare.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  68    Itmightbenotedhere"withreluctancebyme"thatthewordrefutehas ( sufferedsometerribleordealsinyearsoflate.LikemanyotherdistinctionselegantlyexpressedbytheEnglishlexicon,theseeminglyobviousdifferencebetweentheverbofattemptrebutandtheverbofcompletionrefutehasbeenthoroughlyignoredinmostmediaandbusinessuses.Wenowencounterpainfuljumblesofwordsfromnewscastersstating,forexample, ThePresidentsstatementrefutedcriticsclaimsthathisbudgetwilldiminishmilitarypreparedness.Naturally,whenIwriteofrefutationherein,Imeanwhatthewordmeans.principle of generosity  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  61    AcertainamountofdiscussionofDavidsonsconceptoccursbeginningon ( pageC74principle of generosityC239  .Ibelieveenoughisapparentfromimmediatecontext.October/1968  C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XZXXX&y&XXZTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz_&&y#__#   ?:'  dEe ?dA2StandardStandard document format      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlXXGH , XbXXXXbXXiXb: `       )     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@@XGH @, XZXXXXZXXiXZ: `      &[&XiXZ<<@Text,Page  248    C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XZXXX&y&XXZTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz_&&y#__#   ?:'  dEe ?(3$ !   *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  4    Thereis"orratherisnot"anothermissingsectionforthischapter.Ihave ( droppedadiscussionof glimpsedterrorists"theideologicalimagoofterrorism.But  forreasonsoftime,oflength,ofpersonalconceptuallimitations,Ihaveallowedthewarondrugsdiscussiontostandintheplaceoftheterroristsone.Inboth,ideologyoperatesbyapeculiarinterplayofappearanceanddisappearance.Themediaselfofaterroristobtainsahypervisibilityonlyonconditiontheterrorist himselfremaining H  ? hidden.Muchthesamelogicworksinmydiscussionof drugcriminals,soIwillletthatstandasproxy.Still,thereisacertainfittingnessandsymmetrytomyommission:terrorismisinthetitleofthisdissertation,anditsdefense,ofacertainsort,isthepointofthedocument.Byommittingthediscussionof actualterrorists,thisdocumentexemplifiestheconceptuallogicoftheideologyofterrorismbyhidingthethinginordertorealizetheimage.Perhapstheabsenceofthesectionwillserve   initselfasasortofideologycritique.WhatIwouldhavedone,hadIkeptthesection,wouldbetolookatthestillperipheralimageoftaintanddangeroftheterrorist.Theimagewas,oris,totalizing ,  withoutquitearrivingatalevelofspecificbeliefs.Thereissomethingofaxenophobictingetotheimage,particularlyantiIslamicorantiArab.Butanimagecannotberefuted.Surely,yes!MostArabs,ormostMuslims,orevenmostofthoseinliberationmovements(socalled,orotherwise)donotcommitthenefariousactsidentifiedasterrorist.Ah8buttheyarenottheterrorists,then!TheterroristsarethosewhopotentiallycommitnefariouspollutionsofthepurityofourAmerican   order.Howcanyoudenythepotential8?   Therearetwoparticularinterestingthingsabouttheterroristimage.Ormaybetheyarebothmerelyhorrible,ratherthaninteresting:Theimagehasledtoquiteafewreallyawfullawsfromacivillibertiesperspective;andtheimagehasbeendefused(thoughnotrefuted)byitsreality.Theunfortunatefactfortheterroristimageisthat  itsovertcontenthas"throughsomehistoricalaccidents"undermineditcovertcontent.KaczinskiandMcVeighare,unfortunatelyfortheimage,nativebornAmericans.Kaczinskimaybecanbebracketedsincehehadlonghair,andwrotesomevaguelyleftwingsoundingremarks.ButMcVeighisacleancutChristianAmericansoldier.Ithasnthelpedtheimageatall.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  64    Eventhoughthediseasemetaphorsofoutbreak,spread,infectionandso ( onhavesomeconnotationsIdonotwanttomake,overalltheimageryfitsthepatternofritualabuseideologytoocloselytodisallowthemetaphor.Idonotthinktheideologyaffectsonlyinfectedcommunitiesinabroadsense,northatitisasselfcontainedasavirusorgermwhichreallyisinadistinctgeographiclocation.Butstill,thepervasiveness,andtheconcreteeffects(i.e.prosecutions),havetheunevendistributionofaninfectiousdisease,andmuchthesamepatternofspread.Thepreconditionsareglobal,buttheoutbreaksstillhavetheiridentifiable TyphoidMarys.  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  74    Ajokeexpressingthisformulaisfrequentlymentionedinvariousofieks ( books, Iknow[clams]areedible,butstillIdonotbelieveit.d~2StandardStandard document format      lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlXX ,, X9 XXXq q XiX9: `     C)  &m&XX &$&&&mlXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl@Text,Page  209    C'  lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl XuXXX&m&XXuTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophyNN@(#DavidMertz" &&m#" " #   ?:'  dE ?  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular M *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  82    Ifthistopicnameremindsthereaderoftherhetoricallyinsightful,but ( ultimatelydangerouslymisguided,sloganofACTUP, drugsinbodies,somuchthebetter.Agreatdealofmyargumentparallelsbothintropeandintopicwhatonemightdowelltosayabout drugsinbodies. f *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  79    Marx,ofcourse,tookpains(mostlyafewyearslaterthan1844)todistinguish ( himselffromutopiansocialism.IamnottryingtorefuteMarxsselfcharacterizationofhismiddlewriting.Instead,thewordutopianwhichIuseistherehabilitatedsensewhichhasbeenavailablesinceAdornosreclamation.  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed RegularPrinciple of Interpretation  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE? h *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  83    Perhapsforthiscontext,neologismssinistrodoxyandsinistropraxiswould ( betterexpressourconventionsofpoliticalleftandright.Inanyevent,theorthodoxy  inquestioniscertainlynotmeanttodescribeideaswhichareconventionalordominant,butthosethatarecorrect./0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed RegularE. Spectacular Ideology  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlr @, WXDXXXXWXDXXXXDX: `    @  W&%&XXDX<d<(@mm,  161    #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  '@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXlE @, X4XXXX4XXX4: `    @   XnXXX4&u&XXnTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#XnX&&u#lhXXn  ( ?:'  dE?  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) RegularTourette's Syndrome h *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  86    Thepreviousfootnote7(Tourette's Syndrome785  Հdiscussesawhollydifferentsortofnoninterpellated ( utterance.ThecomparisonandcontrastbetweenSituationistutopianismandTourettesSyndromeisworthcontemplating,methinks.Theresultsofthecomparisonarenotobvious."0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, X;XXXX;XXX;: `    @  &&XX;<d<(@mm  161  AOutsidelessness  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  69    Notice,ofcourse,thatthemostobviouswaytospeakofthelackofaposition ( fromwhichtocritiqueistospeakof,well8apositionfromwhichtocritique.The  languageofselfevidenceofknowledgeisalreadystructuredbyametaphoricalframeofspatialization.Evenforthemostbasicoftotalizationsof(asIwouldcharacterize)ourselfevidentknowledge,thereisnowaytoavoidspeakingmetaphorically.Tomeatleast,thissuggestsatemporallimitinthecreationofcategoriessuchasthought,mind,subject,whichwerepreceded,presumably,insomeprehistorybyearliernotions.Nietzsche,andHeideggeralso(despitemyreluctancetomentionit),makeremarksinthisdirection.ButthemostexpansiveandenlighteningdiscussionofmetaphorisintheworksofLakoffandJohnson.[LakoffandJohnson,1999;Johnson,1990;Lakoff,1987;LackoffandJohnson,1983]  #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, X;XXXX;XXX;: `    @   XRXXX;&u&XXRTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#XRX&&u#l<XXR  ( ?:'  dE? 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 #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @,  XDXXXX XDXXXXDX: `    @   &%&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@,  34    *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  44    Anexcellentdiscussionofthisappearsinchapter3ofAdams(1989).See ( also,RootBernstein(1993);Lauritsen(1993).  #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE? a *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  47    Thesimplenoteworthyfactisthatpeoplesometimesfailtoreporttotheir ( doctorstheirengagementinstigmatizedactivities,suchashomosexualintercourseandinjectionofillegaldrugs.SuchunderreportingisfacilitatedbyawidespreadpriorbeliefbydoctorsandpatientsthatAIDSis,infact,beingtransmittedheterosexually  insignificantnumbers.Hencepatientreportsofexclusively(nonstigmatized)heterosexualcontactareaneasilyacceptedevasionofunpleasantinquiriesfromdoctors.However,morethanjustasageneralsociologicalobservationaboutpeople'sreticenceaboutstigmatizedactivities,thedemographicsofthereportedheterosexualriskcategoryindicatethatmisreportingisoccurring.SeeSchklenk,RichtersandMertz(1995);Mertz,SushinskyandSchklenk(1995)./0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @,  XDXXXX XDXXXXDX: `    @   X.YXXXDX&&XX.YTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X.YX&&#>XX.Y  ( ?:'  dE? 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X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@mm,  161    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@mm,  161    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   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hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?  *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  62    Asisobvious,RightandLeftcutupanumberofaxiswhicharenot ( identical.ThereisaRightandaLeftonwelfarepolicy,onindividualism/communalism,oncorporatevs.governmentautonomy,on socialissueslikesexualchoices,onregulationofspeech,onincomedistribution,andsoon.Althoughopinionsonsuchideascluster,allkindsofpermutationsoccur.Sayingfeministvs.antifeministisactuallynotjustonesuchaxis,butseveral.Andeventheseseveralaxesdonotexhaustthedualitiesintheappealofritualabuseideologyanditspredecessors.However,inabroadsense,ritualabuseideologycanbeunderstoodasgrowingoutofstrongproandconreactionstothewomensmovementoftheearly1970s.Theideologyisnotreducibletothatmovement,butitcannotbeunderstoodwithoutastrongsenseoftheconnectiontothewomensmovement(andtothemovementsenemies).  #)@(d@X    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AZ:Univers Condensed Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@mm,  161    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    *$  η@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XXXXXXXX: `    @ Ӏ  87    Thetwowordsatissueseemtohavebasicallythesamemeaningand ( connotationinFrenchasinEnglish,asfarasmyverylimitedunderstandingofFrenchgoes.  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@mm,  161    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @  &5&XXDX<d<(@-  1    #'@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXl @, XDXXXXXDXXXXDX: `    @   X>QXXXDX&&XX>QTheSpeculumandTheScalpel:ADissertationinPhilosophy::>t"DavidMertz#X>QX&&#6XX>Q  ( ?:'  dE?/0 AZ0Univers (W1) Regular"0 AZ:Univers Condensed Regular  #)@(d@X     @ lXX` hp x 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